Lims

LIMS In the typical scientific laboratory there is a large amount of data that must be tracked and analysed. In my current work setting we collect data from outside laboratories, analyse the data, and then return the data. We process thousands of samples per week. This makes tracking and sorting the data very cumbersome. We basically serve as a clearinghouse for data to be batched out to our customers, the independent researcher. Our laboratory considers itself a high-throughput sequencing centre. Our daily objective is to make the lab more automated. We are continually striving to use more robots or automated data entry.For automated data entry we use bar codes. Bar coding tends to have fewer errors in data entry. It also allows us to generate a greater amount of information for any given sample. The more we can automate the process the more samples we are able to put through the system. Each of the independent researchers in the company is looking for a particular disease by identi fying the disease-causing gene. Once the gene has been located the researcher must get the DNA sequence from the gene. That is our job. We at the sequencing centre take the DNA sample, with the gene, and run the sample on our automated machines.Once the sample has been analysed we put the analysed sample, also known as the DNA sequence, into a database that the researcher can access. This is a very general idea of what the Sequencing Centre does. The role of the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is to keep track of this data. The accuracy of the LIMS is crucial for an efficient and effective workflow. The analysed sample must be coordinated with the correct sample name that the researcher gives to the Sequencing Centre. This means that everything must be entered into the database correctly. The data must also exist in a safe and accessible database.The data flow can be characterized in the following context diagram. We have just begun the implementation of a new LIMS s ystem. Hopefully this analysis will help to guide our laboratory as we move towards its implementation. LIMS Functionality Different LIMS systems offer a variety of functionality. The systems have developed from simple data entry and record storage to complex relational database driven tools. They now offer enhanced functionality often provided over the wireless networks and company intranet, allowing greater flexibility for inspections in remote and difficult environments Regulations and ComplianceThe functionality of the LIMS system is far greater than just tracking and reporting on samples. LIMS systems must often comply with regulations that affect the user, for example a manufacturer of pharmaceuticals is obliged to operate under the cGMP 21 CFR Part 210 – Current Good Manufacturing Practice in Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, or Holding of Drugs. Other regulations that LIMS systems must operate under include HIPAA, ISO 9001, and ISO 15189. It is important for systems to have the ability to accept e-signatures, as well as offer audit trails and chain of custody.These types of functionality are required to ensure that the correct persons have access to the sample and the results of the sample inspection Equipment Calibration and Maintenance When inspections are carried out the equipment used to extract the sample and to test the sample must be maintained correctly and calibrated so that there are no errors introduced into the test results. The LIMS system should contain maintenance records of the equipment used in testing so that notifications can be generated to perform regular preventive maintenance.With some instruments and equipment, the requirement may include calibration after a certain number of uses, for example the use of a depth micrometre may require that it is calibrated after 50 uses or every month, whichever comes first. LIMS systems can also contain the calibration instructions so that a notification and a calibration instruction s heet can be sent to the maintenance department or a specialty outside vendor. LIMS Expansion Pre-1982 Laboratory notebooks and handwritten reports/charts were used to track and report information.In-house information systems were configured by a few laboratories. Custom-built LIMS became available from third-party vendors. 1982 The first commercial LIMS, known as first generation (1G) LIMS, are introduced. These 1G LIMS placed laboratory functions onto a single minicomputer, providing greater lab productivity and functionality as well as the first automated reporting capabilities. 1988 Second generation (2G) LIMS become available. 2G LIMS used the available market technology of third-party commercial relational databases (RDB) to provide application-specific solutions.Most 2G LIMS relied on minicomputers, but PC-based solutions were beginning to emerge. 1991 The move toward open systems ushered in third generation (3G) LIMS, which combined the PC's easy to use interface and standard ized desktop tools with the power and security of minicomputer servers in a client/server configuration. 1995 Fourth generation (4G) LIMS decentralize the architecture further. Processing can be performed anywhere on the network. Thus, all clients and servers can operate in either capacity depending upon the data load at any particular instance Pros and ConsMost LIMS products allow the laboratory to; register work requests; print analytical worksheets; monitor and communicate sample/technique backlogs; schedule work; acquire and store analytical data; monitor the quality of all analytical work; approve analytical data for client release; print and store analytical reports and invoices; protect the security of all data; track and locate samples in storage; track and communicate all quality control in the laboratory; provide laboratory management with production and financial statistics and with client information, e. . , names, addresses, sales figures, etc. An appropriately designed and installed LIMS can quickly bring accuracy and accessibility to the flow of samples and data in any laboratory. The real value of a LIMS is the ability to maximize sample throughput and minimize labour costs. Laboratory throughput is improved in a number of different ways. The most obvious gain in productivity occurs through the elimination of data entry via on-line instruments. Also, there will be a significant decrease in data entry errors.Finally, the up-to-date sample in-flow data available from a typical LIMS allows laboratory supervisors and bench personnel to better schedule analytical work, minimize â€Å"downtime† and maximize batch size. Some other effects are that there are better visible quality control checks and centralized data. The ability to monitor, track and communicate data and quality control information gives the laboratory the tools to improve methods and work practices. The end result is that people in the lab able to process more samples per hour worked. The problems Rushed or Incomplete InstallationLIMS installation can be expensive. As a result laboratory management has a tendency to reduce costs by shortening the time spent on-site by the design team. In addition, several installation phases may be required in order to allow laboratory personnel time to learn and apply each LIMS feature before adding the next. Effective communication between the bench personnel and the design team is key to ensuring a successful project. The best way to facilitate this communication is by extending and phasing the installation. Lack of Technician Access to the LIMSA problem that arises in some organizations as laboratory and support staff begin to use the system is a failure to recognize and remove access bottlenecks. For a LIMS to function smoothly all personnel must have their own access point. Access expansion can usually be spread over six to eighteen months as the laboratory assimilates the LIMS and usage increases. Design/Scoping Pr ocedure The design/scoping stage prior to acquiring our LIMS has involved the review and analysis of available software/hardware packages as well as the definition and documentation of our laboratory’s requirements.The error here is could be that bench personnel are excluded from the process. To resolve this problem we have had frequent meetings with the personnel in our lab. Some laboratories might go into a LIMS program believing that future requirements for bench level supervision will be reduced or eliminated. It has been recognized by many that LIMS is simply a tool and as such cannot manage the laboratory or take the place of personnel supervision. A LIMS will effectively provide current, reliable and complete operational data.The easy access to accurate data allows management to significantly enhance the quality and speed of decision making. Decision making becomes based more on fact rather than instincts. Many LIMS products tend to function more like accounting or fin ancial databases. This could be related to the educational and work experience of most software professionals. The demand for financial and accounting database packages means that the software industry is more familiar with this type of requirement than with a highly technical application like a LIMS.Thus, the average software professional does not usually have the background to effectively interpret a laboratory’s requirements. This communication problem can manifest itself in LIMS systems that do not easily fit into laboratory operations. Often the laboratory must significantly alter procedures and work flow in order to conform to the LIMS. This requirement for wholesale change significantly complicates LIMS installations and it might have poor acceptance and commitment support personnel to the project. A similar problem often occurs in large organizations with dedicated Information System (IS), departments.Significant conflict and problems can arise when IS personnel recom mend the most up-to-date hardware or software architecture regardless of the functionality, fit or overall cost to the laboratory. The end result of this process is that the laboratory must undergo significant change in order to conform to the product purchased. In the extreme case laboratories can wind-up having to increase overhead, e. g. , more data handling, in order to use LIMS systems that have been designed not for the laboratory but for the accounting or production departments.The keys to success are flexibility, adaptability, ease of evolution and support, and most importantly overall system speed. The speed issue is very critical as bench personnel will not use something that is slow or awkward. If the system saves bench personnel time they will quickly â€Å"buy into† the project and aggressively move the process forward. The key in any LIMS development should be to achieve a majority of the desired functionality without compromising system speed. Most laboratories need time to assimilate a LIMS before being able to take full advantage of all of its features.As a result of this ‘break-in period’ the more complex features can usually be postponed a year or two without affecting the success of the program. [17] This implementation delay may also allow laboratory personnel the chance to provide more input into the critical final stages of system optimization. Installation Stage The goal of any LIMS installation must be to acquire a system that will make the jobs of bench personnel easier and thus increase the efficiency of the organization. In order to be successful, the LIMS system must be accepted and welcomed by the bench personnel.Often the first contact front-line personnel have with the new system is during installation, long after all decisions have been made. This situation often leads to significant software and LIMS configuration problems that require major software re-writes, hardware retro-fits and/or disruptive organiza tional changes. In addition, analytical and support staff are more likely to resist the new system if they have had little input into its design and operational characteristics. The installation phase of a LIMS program is critical to the overall success of the project.It is during LIMS installation that personnel must be taught how to use the product and where the software designers get their first view of how the LIMS will fit into and function in the laboratory. The installation phase of a LIMS project can take from weeks to months depending on the size of the laboratory and the complexity of the project. No Staff Training Bench personnel must be taught how to use the LIMS. As with any subject laboratory staff must be taught progressively so that personnel have a chance to use and apply what they learn.In laboratories where the LIMS training has been available and sustained the staff will be using the LIMS at a similar level. This consistency of approach builds team work and staff efficiency increases. In laboratories where training has not been a priority, staff will be using the LIMS at different levels. This situation can create a great deal of competition in the laboratory as turf wars erupt over the adoption of new or unused LIMS features. Poorly trained staff fears the new features and as a result delay or resist their implementation.Poor Feedback Mechanism As noted above communication is a key component of any successful LIMS project. It is important that laboratories make sure that a well-developed feedback mechanism is put in place during the installation of a LIMS so that laboratory personnel can bring forward problems and see quick resolution. Staff often hesitate to bring forward complaints and will instead work around the problem. One successful approach that has been used by organizations to solve this problem has been regular procedural audits.The process required to perform an audit usually brings to light LIMS defects or problems that staff have been coping with. This is has already been implemented for other laboratory procedures in our lab. Conclusion Companies require that quality is part of every link in the supply chain, whether it is raw material at a vendor’s facility or finished goods delivered to a customer. To ensure that the quality personnel are able to achieve the optimum results, a Laboratory Information Management System is vital to that success.

Cardava Turon

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIf you happen to visit one of your favorite malls here in the town most especially their supermarkets such as SM Hypermarket, Robinson’s Supermarket and Metro Supermarket, you can notice that they are all selling â€Å"turon†, which they started selling a year or a couple of years ago. Turon an all-time favorite Filipino merienda is starting to boom as a profitable business nowadays as not just the local mall supermarket are into the business of selling â€Å"turon† but to almost every canteen in a university. Let’s not go far by looking at Holy Angel University where almost every canteen is selling all-time favorite turon. That is why; we had come up to present â€Å"Cardava Turon† as our original product for the YEntrepMan Business Plan.â€Å"Cardava Turon† came from the word â€Å"Cardava Banana† which means â€Å"Saba Banana† in the Philippines.Cardava Turon was made possible because of the booming  "turon† business. We’ve thought that selling â€Å"turon† could be a better idea to produce a product that is known and saleable. But because of our innovative mind and ideas, we had thought of ways on how to introduce our product more differently and more uniquely. We will not just produce the common type of turon rather we will produce the future best-selling merienda in town, which every individual will crave and that is Cardava Turon.Cardava Turon is basically turon inspired product but with an exciting twist. As we all know that one of the best businesses to venture into nowadays when it comes to food are the siomai carts. Almost everywhere in the city you can see and buy siomai. Thus, we incorporated the well-known siomai to our product by producing our Cardava Turon in siomai style. Cardava Turon is a turon that looks like a fried siomai. In this case we would have our target market to be thrilled and puzzled by looking the appearance of our Cardava Turon. Fried siomai turon Let’s try it!We’re not done yet! We had not just uniquely and creatively modify the turon into siomai style we had also improved the taste and flavor of our turon,  Cardava Turon Original Flavors.We had come up with three different delicious tastes:1.Banana Classic (Langka) Turon – inspired by our classic turon with langka or jackfruit inside. Let the classic taste of turon give you a different kind of experience by having it in siomai style (bite size) turon. 2.Banana Peanut Turon – Original concept, our delicious siomai style turon with grounded peanut inside that will add kick in every bite. Let the bits of peanut thrilled you as it gives you a different taste from the ordinary turon. 3.Cardava Turon Overload – Another original concept, these Cardava Turon with grounded peanuts, marshmallow, and the classic langka inside will definitely give you the taste that you will really enjoy and crave the moment you taste and try it. All three flavors will definitely give you an experience of eating turon more differently and more deliciously. Cardava Turon is certified DHA. Delicious, Healthy and Affordable. Indulge in every bite! Cardava Turon was styled as siomai not only because we want to attract our markets as siomai does, neither give our customer a twist of something different but because convenience is also our business. We want to give our Cardava Turon lover the convenience that they do not get from the ordinary turon. For the standard size of a turon was 5 to 7 inches that might cause inconvenience to some when eating, thus, we developed our Cardava Turon to be in siomai style so that it would become bite in sizes.This would give a lot of convenience to our market most especially those individual who can’t even consume the standard sized turon. Cardava Turon prices are 15php for four pieces and 30phpfor eight pieces comes in an eco-friendly box. It was price low because our pricing objective i s to penetrate the market as our product is the first of its kind. Extensive marketing strategies are to be expected for the company to gain recognition and familiarity.CARDAVA TURON . . . ANG SARAP! CERTIFIED DHA, DELICIOUS, HEALTHY and AFFORDABLE!INNOVATIVENESS, CONVENIENCE, GREEN MARKETING and FOR YOUR GOOD IS OUR BUSINESS.â€Å"Panlasa’y mananarap sa Cardava Turon!†2. MISSION STATEMENTâ€Å"Healthy Living, Healthy Eating† â€Å"Cardava Turon ang sarap! Panlasa’y siguradong mananarap!† Certified DHA, Delicious, Healthy and AffordableOur tagline which stated above says it all with regards to our mission statement, and that is to bring delightful taste to our consumers by providing them our very delicious delicacy—Cardava Turon. Also as our product is certified DHA, that is delicious, healthy and affordable which makes it even more appealing and attractive to the community. We will not just cater those who are looking for delicious merienda but we will also take into consideration those who are health and price conscious. Thus, our mission is not only to earn profit rather our main mission statement is to bring health and wellness to every individual which will not have to suffer on paying very high prices, enjoying delicious taste that are good for their health.VISION STATEMENTâ€Å"To be the leading and consistently number one on providing delicious, healthy and affordable delicacy—Cardava Turon.†We are envisioning our company to be the leading and consistently number one which provide certified delicious, healthy and affordable delicacy to wherever area we could reach for. This is in line with our statement of bringing health and wellness to all of our consumers. Because we believe that a healthy living is for everybody not just for the fortunate one. Thus, it is our commitment to provide deliciously healthy and affordable Cardava Turon.We will be directed to our company vision to be the leading and n umber one  provider of delightful delicacy.CARDAVA TURON NUTRITIONAL FACTSThere have been different kinds of banana which are known to be rich in potassium and other nutrients. But according to the Doctors of Ministry in Alternative Medicines or DMAM, Cardava (Saba) banana has the highest nutrients present. †¢Cardava has the highest content of nutrients because it has the deepest roots among other banana plants, of which can absorb more nutrients from the soil. †¢Because bananas are rich in potassium, they help the body’s circulatory system deliver oxygen to the brain. †¢Maintains a regular heartbeat and a proper balance of water in the body. †¢Helpful for reducing strokes and regulating blood pressure because of the way it promotes circulatory health.†¢Their abundance of vitamins and minerals, are a great source of natural energy. †¢Bananas are also ideal for eating during that midday lull when you feel tired and sluggish. Instead of drinking caffeine or having a sugary snack, bananas provide a level of energy that lasts longer without the dramatic crash caused by caffeine. †¢Help stop constipation because bananas have a certain type of fiber that helps to restore and maintain regular bowel functions. Bananas are a natural source for lessening the effects of constipation without causing other bowel problems such as diarrhea.†¢The natural ingredients in bananas and their ability to replenish the body’s vitamins make them an ideal way to reduce the effects of a hangover. †¢Bananas can help people who are trying to quit smoking. The B vitamins and other minerals that they contain reduce the physical and psychological effects of nicotine withdrawal. †¢Vitamin B6 can also minimize menstrual pains and regulates over all moods of women. †¢Because of their calming properties, pregnant women often eat bananas to combat their morning sickness. †¢Also help to replenish the body and restore a hea lthy blood glucose level. †¢Help regulate a pregnant woman’s temperature.†¢As a way to prevent and treat ulcers, bananas help reduce the acidity that some foods can leave in the stomach. †¢Help reduce the irritation of the digestive system by leaving a protective coating around the inner walls, making it a natural way to promote intestinal health as well. †¢They are  also a great way to get rid of heartburn. They act as a natural antacid and they quickly soothe the burn.Instead of eating an apple each day for optimum health, the adage should state that a â€Å"banana each day keeps the doctor away†. The banana health benefits far outweigh those of the apple because it has many more vitamins and nutrients than their round counterparts.3. BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 3.1 National TrendsBasically the only national trend that can hinder the growth of Cardava Turon in the market is when the cardava (saba) banana supplies will be scarce for it is the main ingre dients to our product—Cardava Turon. There are some issues nowadays that talks about the becoming scarce of the said banana but still there are none facts that can prove the latter issue. Thus, Cardava Turon business is in good position and will expect continuous supply of raw resources. The launching of Cardava Turon could be a good indication to our economy and even internationally for we will cater products that are originally from the Philippines. Cardava Turon would strengthen the local banana economy rather than those that are being exported to the other countries. Thus, it will just show how the Philippines can be competitive and can be known worldwide.3.2 Industry AnalysisThe local banana industry at this present day is not as active as before because of the growing export business, though there are still businesses of banana industry such those farmers, wholesalers and retailers. With regards to merienda business specifically those who sells turon, there are a lot of small competition for we can see even at the street corner of Angeles City there are those who sell turon but because Cardava Turon is not just an ordinary turon which is definitely the first of its kind, we can say that we are not deeply affected of those vendors of turon.3.3 Market AnalysisSpecifically there are no markets for siomai style turon with delicious variances here in Angeles City and maybe the whole of the Philippines. However â€Å"turon† is being patronized here in the community, thus, those will be considered as the new market for Cardava Turon. There are still markets for turon that we could cater with.3.4 Competitor AnalysisCardava Turon will have to face and consider a lot of competition for it is not the only turon business in town, most especially even SM malls and Ayala Malls’ food courts are selling their own class of turon. But Cardava Turon is not just an ordinary turon; it is a turon with a lot of exciting twist. It is the first of its kind a nd none in the whole of Angeles City area are selling such turon with different flavors and in siomai style. Thus, Cardava Turon competition will be minimal.4. MARKETING PLAN4.1 SWOT ANALYSISThe table below shows the SWOT analysis of the resources and the environmental factors for Cardava Turon ®. Major SWOT analyses are provided for the company as well. Resource Analysis:ResourcesStrengthsWeaknessesMoneyCardava Turon products are low cost. Thus, low capital investment. MaterialsCardava Turon has a number of contacts that can supply the raw materials. MachinesNo equipment for making the Cardava Turon more efficiently. MethodsNumerous ways and methods for producing Cardava Turon are available. ManpowerInexperienced from selling to the company members. ManagementInsufficient management skills for the company members. Moment (Time)Any launching day for the Cardava Turon is perfect for it is a unique delicacy. And the company members are dedicated to work fulltime and effectively.Iden tifying Opportunities and Threats in the Environment:Factors in the EnvironmentOpportunitiesThreatsSocio-culturalPeople have the habit of having their daily merienda Technology and TechnicalNew technology and equipments could make the production process efficiently and effectively. EconomicThe purchasing power of the community has lowered because of the increasing price of some  necessities such oil, thus, an advantage for the increase in demand of Cardava Turon for it is priced affordably. NaturalScarcity of cardava banana can hinder the growth of Cardava Turon. PoliticalElection is fast approaching.Hence, a good indicator to promote Cardava Turon as their merienda when campaigning. Peace and OrderIn general, there is peace and order in the place of business. (HAU / Angeles City) Population TrendsThe population is increasing. More people mean more buyers who would want Cardava Turon. Government ProgramMicro-Small-Medium Enterprise program are being provided by the government. Car dava Turon may be able to avail of the assistance in the form of financing, technical and marketing. Global EnvironmentExporting Cardava Turon process could be lucrative venture.CARDAVA TURON SWOT ANALYSIS†¢Strength – Uniqueness, as we introduce our all-time favorite turon in deliciously different way. †¢Weakness – Familiarity, Cardava Turon an original and the first ever product of its own needed a lot of effort to gain recognition to the community. †¢Opportunities – Innovative Leadership, pioneering the innovative modification of turon. †¢Threats – Patent, as BW is the first in the market.4.2 OBJECTIVESCardava Turons’ strategic marketing and financial objectives will be used as direction for the growth of the company.4.2.1 Marketing Objective:†¢Positioned Cardava Turon to all of Angeles City community. †¢Achieved familiarity of Cardava Turons’ products and service. †¢Maintained strategic marketing effort for Cardava Turon as it is new in the market.4.2.2 Financial Objective:†¢Reached the targeted quota and sales daily, monthly and annually. †¢100% return on investment. †¢30% to 40% net profit. †¢Zero negative net profit.4.3 COMPETITIVE EDGE†¢Location is critical to success. Our store needs to be on Main Street or just off Main Street so we can take advantage of walk-by and drive-by traffic. We also need adequate parking to make shopping at our store convenient for drivers. And we will target to have concessions to the well-known canteen of HAU. †¢Convenience. Angeles City / HAU residents and visitors are willing to pay a little bit more for good food and the convenience. Our customers will purchase our food because it is authentic and delicious. †¢High quality. Focusing on high quality Cardava Turon will draw customers from the competition, as well as create a local market that has not existed before in Angeles City. If the prices are reasonable an d the food is good, we will have growth through repeat business.4.4 TARGET MARKET ANALYSIS SUMMARYOur main target markets are:†¢People who live and work in Angeles City / Holy Angel University, who are looking for quality merienda. †¢Surrounding businesses looking for a tasty merienda for their customers and staff. †¢International and domestic travelers visiting Angeels City / Holy Angel University. †¢Families looking for quality, affordable, home cooked merienda to take home and prepare for their families with ease. †¢People looking for a comfortable environment in which to enjoy their spare time eating our delicious Cardava Turon. †¢People looking for high quality, unique merienda.Each market segment consists of people who either live, work, or vacation in the Angeles City / Holy Angel University area. Each market will be seeking a store canteen that will meet their desire for authentic, healthy food, quality service, and a pleasant atmosphere.4.5 MAR KET SEGMENTATIONCardava Turon target market profile is segmented using different segmentation strategy.4.5.1 Geographic SegmentationThe main geographic target area for Cardava Turon is the whole of Angeles City and the nearby towns and cities.4.5.2Income / Occupation SegmentationBecause Cardava Turon are certified affordable we are segmenting our markets with middle to low income, though because of the quality product that we are offering even those who are high income earners will definitely patronize our products and services.4.5.3 Age Segmentation Cardava Turon is for all ages for as long as they will purchase the product. Our products are intended to those six years of age and above.4.5.4 Sex SegmentationCardava Turon is definitely not gender discriminatory. Everyone can taste and enjoy our deliciously healthy and affordable product.4.6 POSITIONINGWe intend to position our business not just as a manufacturer and distributor of products, but a partner bringing a high level custom er satisfaction and high level of service to the stores that we enter into business with. We will work with stores through delivering high quality products to significantly increase the sales and profitability of their food business. By doing this we expect to develop a strong loyalty among our customers.4.7 MARKETING MIX 4.7.1ProductCardava Turon main offering is the Cardava Turon itself, a fried siomai style turon that comes in three different delicious flavors: oBanana Classic (Langka) Turon – inspired by our classic turon with langka or jackfruit inside. Let the classic taste of turon give you a different kind of experience by having it in siomai style (bite size) turon. oBanana Peanut Turon – Original concept, our delicious siomai style turon with grounded peanut inside that will add kick in every bite. Let the bits of peanut thrilled you as it gives you a different taste from the ordinary turon. oCardava Turon Overload – Another original concept, these Car dava Turon with grounded peanuts, marshmallow, and the classic langka inside will definitely give you the taste that you will really enjoy and crave the moment you taste and try it. Our main ingredients Cardava Turon products are cardava banana, siomai Turonper, brown sugar, cooking oil (for deep frying), jack fruit, peanut, and marshmallow. All ingredients are of high quality and certified healthy or of good nutritional facts.4.7.2PromotionBecause Cardava Turon is the first of its kind extensive promotional effort will be done to gain recognition and familiarity to the whole of Angeles City.†¢Advertising Highly appealing and attractive tarpaulins, posters and flyers will be strategically positions to those high traffic volume areas in the vicinity of Angeles. We will also invade online advertising wherein we will advertise Cardava Turon to some of the well-known networking sites as of at present day. Newspaper, television and radio commercial will also take into consideration. We will have a small advertising budget, devoted exclusively to trade publications designed to reach buyers and owners of upscale independent food stores. The objective of our trade advertising will be too limited to reinforcing the image of our company and the exciting taste of our products. All ads will be four-color and between 1/4 and 1/8 page in size. Each ad will prominently feature our logo and a bright, colorful, mouthwatering changing display of Cardava Turon products. We will also work with our retailers to obtain co-op advertising funds for their own local advertising.†¢Sales Promotion Initially we will do free tasting for the first two days of Cardava Turon launching; this is to let all the Angeleneos experience the delightful taste and flavors of Cardava Turon.†¢Personal Selling Highly qualified salesperson that provides superior customer service will be our front liners to provide our buyers experience that they would want to experience again and again, thus, establishing customer loyalty. Our primary sales method is face-to-face selling by our friendly salesperson.†¢Point of Purchase / Product Display Just the smell of our product prospective buyers will definitely get curious and crave for our Cardava Turon. We will see to it that our product will be cooked amazingly delicious and presented mouth-watering.†¢Publicity Because our entire products at Cardava Turon are certified deliciously healthy and affordable, thus, our campaign of â€Å"Healthy Living, Healthy Eating† would be our most effective way to publicized Cardava Turon. We will send news releases to trade magazines to try to get product or company feature coverage in front of the eyes of buyers and retailers. We will also issue a few generic press releases about Cardava Turon that our retailers can use to try to obtain publicity coverage for their stores in local publications. Lastly, we shall have a quarterly newsletter for retailers that we are currently se rving or hope to be serving. We anticipate sending 1,000 copies of the news release out our first year and gradually increasing to 2,000 copies by our third year. In the newsletter we will highlight not just our products, but also display ideas and success stories of stores who increased their Cardava Turon sales.†¢Trade Shows We will have a small booth or table top display at national conventions each year, including the SMX convention Center at the SM Mall of Asia. We will emphasize not just our certified deliciously healthy and affordable products but the superior customer/retailer satisfaction that we are providing. We will also provide limited funds for display space for our salesperson at regional trade shows that they attend. Typically we will pay for one table top display.4.7.3Place / Channel of Distribution Cardava Turon is a manufacturing firm which will serve as direct seller and retailer. Our main place of distribution would be the whole of Angeles City. We will str ategically position our stalls/kiosk to places of high traffic volume. We will also partner to some of the famous restaurants for our Cardava Turon to be their featured dessert of the week; concession to some of the well-known mall food courts and even partner with some of the university canteen here in Angeles.4.7.4Pricing Rigorous pricing strategies for Cardava Turon’s product were to be expected. All products will be priced in accordance with our buyers’ purchasing power not compromising the quality of our products. Having been priced to what the buyers’ could avail; Cardava Turon will definitely have a share of market.†¢Pricing Objective and Method Used Because Cardava Turon is new and first of its kind, our number one objective for pricing is to penetrate the market by pricing our products at low price. In which it could lead to the increase of market share and familiarity of Cardava Turon. Taking into account the pricing objective, demand determining, cost estimation and competitors’ costs, prices and offers analysis Cardava Turon will be using a combination of methods. Value pricing will be weighted more. 4.8 CONTROLSCardava Turons’ Marketing Plan purpose is to serve as a guide for the organization. The following areas will be monitored to gauge performance: †¢Availability of supplies †¢Expenses †¢Superior Customer Satisfaction †¢Revenue / ProfitSTRATEGY and IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY Our strategy will exploit our advantages over the competition (location, convenience, and high quality) with carefully-tracked milestones for growth.MARKETING STRATEGY Our main marketing strategy would be the most effective and no cost at all strategy, that is the use of the word of mouth, for Cardava Turon is considered the best new exciting delicious merienda in town, making the word of mouth more effective. We will also advertise our product to some of the most famous social sites on the net which are Facebook, twi tter and the like.SALES STRATEGY Cardava Turon's Market most important sales strategy is developing an environment in which customers will return time-after-time because our market provides knowledgeable, friendly staff, quality products, and a comfortable atmosphere that fills their needs. When customers visit our store / retailers, they will know they are entering a clean facility with the best service in the industry. Our pricing strategy will focus on providing high quality products, and services at a fair priceSTRATEGIC ALLIANCES Cardava Turon's Market will work to form strategic alliances with local businesses, including: campus canteens, local mall food courts, and restaurants. We will also form relationships with local produce growers and artists to customize the food items we sell and enhance our presence in the community.MARKETING Initial marketing efforts for opening will be geared towards generating name recognition and making a clear distinction between Cardava Turon's and other local competitors. Follow-up marketing programs will encourage repeat visits and assist customers in the understanding, appreciation, and preparation of our products.SALES and PRICING We will gear prices towards our competitors in the nearest cities and online, with a small â€Å"convenience† increase for offering them locally. This will offset our distribution costs. Our emphasis on consistently good service, from special orders, will make new customers repeat customers. We mean business as we introduce Cardava Turon to the market but we don’t just want to be profitable we also wanted to have a share on our market. This is why we will penetrate the market by pricing our product very affordable. †¢15php – 4pcs of Cardava Turon†¢30php – 8pcs of Cardava Turon in an eco-friendly take home box.ALLIANCES and DISTRIBUTION †¢Cardava Turon's Market will aggressively pursue relations with local mall’s food courts, restaurants (featu red dessert of the week), and local school canteens (most specifically HAU canteen’s). †¢Our specific target for the distribution of our product is having a partnership not later at the end of this school year to some of the most well-known canteen here in the campus (HAU). We will partner to those canteen in order for our product to gain recognition from the community of HAU. †¢And as the coming year approaches we will extend our effort to partner with the local mall food courts, thus, we will introduce Cardava Turon to all of Angeles City. †¢After having partner to some of the local canteens and food courts we will established our own food cart or kiosk for Cardava Turon products in this way we can more concentrate on selling our products.SALES FORECAST The following assumptions illustrate our conservative sales forecast. Assumptions: The average item sold in the market will cost 15php/single order. †¢Php15.00/average sale x 100 people/day x # of days in a week x # of campus canteen partner (slow season). †¢Php22.50/average sale x 200 people/day x # of days in a week x # of campus canteen partner (busy season).KEYS TO SUCCESS The keys to success for Cardava Turon's Market include: †¢Reputation: Every customer visiting our store will want to return and will recommend us to their friends and family. Word of mouth marketing will be a powerful ally for our business. †¢Superior Customer Service: Knowledgeable, friendly service will be of the utmost importance. †¢Location: Provide an easily accessible location for customer convenience. †¢Product/Environment: Offer a variety of high quality foods, sold at a fair price in a clean, authentic, comfortable environment. †¢Convenience: Our customers will experience the convenience in eating our product that they had never been experienced before.5. MANAGEMENT TEAM and ORGANIZATION PLAN 5.1 Management Team The Company will be managed by the ten founding partners, wh ose individual area of expertise covers many of the functional aspects of the business. Jose Carlo Dizon will serve as the President of the Company, and will be responsible for Product Selection and Sales & Marketing. Nikki S. Barrientos will be the Vice President, in charge of Administration. She will be responsible for customer service, accounting, shipping and the general administration of the business. Mary Jane Narciso will be the Chief Operating Officer, and will be responsible for maintaining close relationship with all our retailers/concessionaires. Kresta-An Tanhueco and Jeiel Feliciano will serve as the area managers that are responsible for monitoring operations of all stalls/kiosk of Cardava Turon. Aldrian Soriano and Mark Cunanan will be the head of Research and Development Department which are accountable for producing new ideas and variances for the growth of all Cardava Turon products. Kevin Colinares as the Public Relations Officer will be in charge for the publicit y and good relations of the company to the whole of Angeles City community. Nikki S. Barrientos will be in charge with Banana Wrap logistics, inventory and suppliers relations. Lastly, to be responsible for all employee related issues will be Jose Carlo Dizon as the HR Manager.All founders are dedicated of doing their job effectively and efficiently which will bring Cardava Turon to its overwhelming success.5.2 Organizational Chart5.3 Key Personnel Every stall of Cardava Turon will be staffed by our dedicated and skillful front liner which includes the kiosk/stall supervisor who will be in charge of the overall operations of the kiosk. Together with the stall supervisor are the two all-around salespersons who will perform cashiering which includes order taking and assembling, cooking all ordered products, and maintaining inventory and cleanliness through-out the entire operations.Qualifications Required: †¢Stall Supervisor – Graduate of any four-year business management related courses or high school graduate with a minimum of two years work experience as a food stall/kiosk supervisor. †¢Sales Associate – this includes being the cashier, cooked, stock custodian and the salesperson. All associate would be at least college level with basic knowledge in accounting, cooking, inventory, and in sales. High school graduate will be considered with a minimum one year work related experiences.All stall supervisors upon the start of their work at Cardava Turon are qualified for any other promotions depending on the availability of the vacant position and their performance as a whole. Same as to all Sales Associate, with which are also qualified for any promotion depending on their performances.6. PRODUCTION and OPERATIONS PLAN 6.1 Production Process The production process for producing our product Cardava Turon will include the preparation of all raw materials/ingredients such the peeling of cardava banana and cutting it into cubes, preparing siom ai Turonper as the Turonper of the said product, pre-heating of deep fryer for cooking high quality Cardava Turon. All extra condiments and ingredients will be prepared as well, the sugar (brown) to be used, grounded peanut for Banana Peanut Turon, the langka for the Banana Classic Turon, and the marshmallow for the Banana overload.Step by step processes are as follows: 1.Peeling and dicing into cubes of cardava banana. 2.Turon using siomai Turonper and putting the flavors such grounded peanuts and the classic langka. 3.Rolling the Turonped product into the brown sugar. 4.Deep frying until the product becomes golden brown. (10-20 seconds) 5.Cooling and filtering of excess oil. 6.Package depending on the customer orders. (4pcs. or 8pcs.)6.2 Product/Service DeliveryIn order to deliver high quality, personalized service we will carefully select all employees–especially stall supervisor and sales associate who will deal directly with customers. Jose Carlo is currently interviewin g candidates for sales associate. We will carefully review references from past employers or manufacturers and from retailers whom these sales associate have served. We will also make sure that each employee understands our way of delivering quality product/service to each customer. We will have immediate back-up support available by phone from our office for more difficult product/service issues. And we will give employees enough latitude so that they can respond immediately to almost all customer requests or complaints.6.3 Customer ServiceWe intend to prioritize customer service and make it a key component of our marketing programs. We believe that providing our customers with what they want, when and how they want it, is the key to repeat business and to word-of-mouth advertising. Not only will we train our employees to deliver excellent service, we will give them the flexibility to respond creatively to client requests. In addition, we will continually monitor our clients' level of satisfaction with our service and products through surveys and other convenient feedback opportunities. Initially we expect to have few enough accounts so that Mary Jane and Kevin can handle all customer/retailer service issues.As our business grows we intend to hire additional customer service people one at a time and pay a premium over market labor rates to attract and retain quality help. Shipping problems are a huge issue with the firms that we compete with largely because they insist on using surface shipping methods to keep their costs down to charge low prices to keep their mass merchant accounts happy. We intend to use air freight to export our products to the neighbor countries. This will add to our costs. But because we want to penetrate the international market it makes more sense for us. It  will also allow us to have much thinner inventories in our warehouse without risking stocking out.6.4 FacilitiesWe plan to lease small office space for the mean time as Cardava Turon is still starting. The said office space will be used by the ten co-founders as they work together for the fast growth of Cardava Turon. The office space building is located in a busy industrial neighborhood, but because we do not intend to have customers visit us we have decided to lease a lower-rent location. For our stalls/kiosks they should be located in a high traffic volume area which could generate prospective buyers for all the products. We will utilize the spaces for all the stalls that could hold enough supplies for a week operations. Ten to twenty square meters would be the ideal stall/kiosk size.6.5 EquipmentsWe will need five computer sets initially to be used at the main office. Minimal office supplies will do for the company is still starting. Five telephone lines are also needed to be used for communicating to all staffs; retailers; and suppliers. The equipment to be used for the kiosk would be cash register for recording sales transactions, deep fryer to be u sed for cooking all Cardava Turon products, freezer for all perishable raw ingredients. Also we will provide food warmer to store all the cooked products and to be used for display purposes, small cabinets are to be used for non-perishable goods. Preparation table is also considered necessary when making Cardava Turon products including also all the necessary cooking tools and gadgets to make the operation efficiently.6.6 Work FlowAll personnel who are working at the main office will be working eight hours weekdays depending on the volume of their work. Office hours would be from 8:00am until 5:00pm, but flexible working hours will do also. Sundays will be their day-off and through Saturdays the office hours would only be half-day which is from 8:00am to 12:00noon. As to the stall/kiosk the operations would be from Mondays through Sundays, operations will start at 7:00am until 9:00pm though business hours will just start at 8:00am until  8:00pm.There will be three shifts in a day: the opener from 7:00am-3:00pm, the mid-shift from 10:00am-7:00pm and the closer from 1:00pm-9:00pm. Initially stalls will be manned by only three people who include a stall supervisor and two sales associate. The stall supervisor will be in charge of the scheduling. He can decide on his own on who would be assigned in the shifts, preferably the mid-shift will be the stall sup. So that he/she can monitor well the operations of their stall. As our business grows we intend to hire additional sales associate to make our operations even more efficient.6.7 Production RisksPreventive measures are to be implemented to lessen or decrease the possibility of being hurt and injured in the production of all Cardava Turon products. We will make sure that all employees especially the sales associate are properly trained with regard on the production or cooking of Cardava Turon. First aid kit will be provided to all Cardava Turon kiosks. Stall Supervisor will be responsible for checking all the ne cessary machines and equipments if they are working properly and effectively. Before and after the business operations, checklist will be provided to be accomplished by whoever was assigned to check the quality and performance of all goods, materials and equipments. This is to prevent unnecessary problems to occur.6.8 SuppliersBy the supervision of Nikki, all issues regarding suppliers of all the stalls/kiosk for Cardava Turon will be properly monitored. This includes checking the quality of all raw materials/goods. Delivery schedules will be monitored, as well as all the necessary issues concerning supplier relations and logistics.6.9 Inventory ManagementIn order for the inventory to be more accurate, there will be two types of inventory to be done. The first one is to be accomplished by all stall supervisors for each kiosk which is to be done daily. And the second type of inventory, the monthly inventory to be supervised by Kresta and Jeiel, which they will evaluate and check the accuracy of all the daily inventories. The  company will provide standard inventory checklist to be used by all Cardava Turon stalls/kiosks.6.10 Quality ControlEach store will offer nothing but freshly and quality Cardava Turon products. Standard procedure for preparation and cooking of the product will be well developed by our R&D team Aldrian and Mark. Arthur will be responsible for the high quality raw goods that are to be used. Camille will monitor all retailers’ compliance of Cardava Turon quality standards.

Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay

The physician to population ratio grew from 2/1000 people in 2000 to 2.4/ 1000 people in merely a mere 5 years3. Despite the rapid growing, the ratio is still short as compared to other European states viz. France, Germany or Italy. This is worsened by the fact that the figure of patients treated in NHS infirmaries rose by 15 % at the same clip interval3. It is of import to use the expertness of other health care professionals, viz. community druggists, in support of the increasing figure of patients in the community in order to better patient attention. The World Health Organization defines chronic complaints to be ‘a wellness job necessitating on-going direction over a period of old ages or decennaries ‘ . NHS Scotland has identified that chronic unwellness is farther complicated by demographical alterations, increasing co-morbidities, widening spread of wellness inequalities and the increased outlooks placed on the health care system4. Actions have been taken to promote modernisation of NHS community pharmaceutics in Scotland. The debut of the New Pharmacy Contract was the action program from the Scottish Executive ‘s scheme papers ‘The Right Medicine ‘ in which nucleus pharmaceutical attention services such as Chronic Medication Service ( CMS ) , Minor Ailments Service ( MAS ) , Acute Medication Service ( AMS ) and Public Health Service were designed to optimise the use of community druggist ‘s accomplishments to widen the range and farther better the quality of attention proviso to patients5. The contract was driven by a quotation mark by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in 2002, adverting that reacting to the demands to patients with chronic conditions post the biggest challenge to wellness systems around the globe4. The foundation of the CMS is built upon the cardinal countries: patient centered ; clinical administration ; collaborative working ; support for execution ; monitoring and reappraisal and service development6. The nucleus aims of CMS are summarized in Appendix 1. The altering function of the druggist is in response to the increasing demand for betterment in patient ‘s medicines direction. The debut of the CMS is to further develop the parts of the community druggist to guarantee the continuity of pharmaceutical attention in patients with long-run conditions every bit good as cementing the stature of community druggists in the NHS4. Pharmaceutical attention is an effectual tool in the direction of chronic complaints and is defined as the responsible proviso of drug therapy for the intent of accomplishing definite results that improve a patient ‘s quality of life harmonizing to Hepler and Strand7. Pharmaceutical attention is hence a collaborative attempt between healthcare professionals endeavoring to better drug therapy direction via uninterrupted monitoring of inauspicious effects, effectivity and patient instruction all meeting to better patient ‘s quality of life8. Healthcare professionals play a critical function in autho rising patients to take charge of their ain wellness, as this would ease them in accomplishing their coveted quality of life relevant to their wellness believes6. Community druggist can be the accelerator in smoothing the patient ‘s journey of attention by being the gateway of information via improved entree to healthcare services and to back up self-care6. It is simple to merely purchase a battalion of medicine over the counter to handle an false unwellness but the bulk is incognizant of the possible injury it presents. Some might non take earnestly an overdose of medicines that have a broad curative index but for drugs that have a narrow curative index, a simple overdose could be fatal. There is merely so much a prescriber could make but hanker term attending is indispensable to guarantee that patients get the best out of their medicine particularly in those who have multiple co-morbidities. The attack of CMS is through the constitution of curative partnerships between general medical practicians, druggists and patients to better patient attention by guaranting better local entree to wellness care6. Fostering such commitment will minimise duplicate of functions and, with good defined functions, can advance a holistic attack to the pharmaceutical and clinical attention of patients6. The end is to assist patients harvest the most out of their medical specialties but besides minimise any associated risks4. Community druggist is frequently the first and lone point of call. Community druggists can bridge the spread in a patient ‘s journey of attention and therefore better the whole curative class by expecting, placing, deciding and forestalling medicine-related issues4,9. These medicine-related issues include: Safety and efficaciousness Side effects Conformity and harmony Identify markers of hapless control Symptom specific markers to motivate referral Supplying and advancing wellness information and instruction CMS is a service that requires patients ‘ voluntary engagement and is by and large broken down into 3 phases. Phase 1 involves the enrollment of the patient for the service. Stage 2 involves the debut of a generic model for pharmaceutical attention planning. Phase 3 is the constitution of the shared attention component between the GP and the community pharmacist6. A pharmaceutical attention program paperss the patient ‘s pharmaceutical attention demands, attention issues, desired results and actions required as portion of the pharmaceutical attention planning of the patient. Figure 1 summarizes the pharmaceutical attention be aftering rhythm. Identify and prioritise patients with pharmaceutical attention demands Identify and reexamine pharmaceutical attention issues Implement and proctor pharmaceutical attention program Formulate and document a pharmaceutical attention program Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Care Planning Cycle To get down of with attention planning, critical information that may act upon the attention program such as patient ‘s general wellness, allergic reactions or sensitivenesss, other medical conditions and hazard factors are noted. A hazard appraisal is so made to help the druggist in placing and prioritising any pharmaceutical attention needs that a patient might necessitate or is deprived from in footings of service, which as a consequence influences the therapy6. Next, an appraisal is made to place and reexamine the patients pharmaceutical attention demands and refering issues. This can enable the druggist to measure the medical specialties regimen that a patient is on in footings of efficaciousness or toxicity profile and besides allows the druggist to measure how deep the patients understand their medicines and intervention and the extend of their wellness believes. Subsequently, a pharmaceutical attention program is drafted based on the attention issues that have been iden tified with the understanding of the patient. This attention program serves as a protocol in which issues are placed on a hierarchy of precedence, outcome ends are defined, proposals to any class of action documented every bit good as clearly specifying the health care forces and their duties for assorted monitoring that ought to be conducted. Changeless reappraisals and monitoring is done to measure the results of the attention program upon execution and alterations are made along the manner, when required, to maximise the curative result. To accomplish the maximal curative benefit, the patient ‘s wellness belief and apprehension of the therapy is indispensable. Hence, reding and advice by the druggist before, during and after the procedure is good. Chronic Heart Failure ( CHF ) is one of the 13 long-run disease provinces covered in the CMS protocol stand foring the most frequent indicant for therapy4. The list of all 13 disease provinces are listed in Appendix 2. Heart Failure is one of the most crippling medical conditions which can badly impact a patient ‘s quality of life hence seting force per unit area on hospitalization and health care budgets10. The Scots Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN ) defines CHF as a complex clinical syndrome ensuing from any structural/ functional upset that impairs the ability of the bosom to react to physiological demands for increased cardiac output11. Hence, bringing of blood is compromised12. Abnormality in cardiac construction, beat, map or conductivity can all take to unequal perfusion, venous congestion and disturbed H2O and electrolyte balance that underlie CHF13. In add-on, normal compensatory mechanisms become compromised taking to maladaptive secondary physiological effe cts that contribute to the progressive nature of the disease12. CHF can be a effect of assorted underlying complications such as myocardial infarction and/or high blood pressure and the most common being left ventricular systolic disfunction ( LVSD ) . Coronary arteria disease, aortal stricture, dilated myocardiopathy, alcoholic myocardiopathy, Chagas ‘ disease, endomyocardial fibrosis and other mechanical defects such as cardiac valvular disfunction, degenerative valve disease, arthritic valve disease, terrible anaemia and thyrotoxicosis are the more common causes of CHF around the Earth but other rarer causes do exist12,13. Management of these predisposing factors can be good in relieving the symptoms of bosom failure. Table 1 is the New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) categorization system used to sort patients with bosom failure based on their functional position. Table 2 is ACC /AHA phases of HF ; a addendum to the NYHA categorization. It is estimated that there is a prevalence of about 1-2 % for bosom failure in developed countries10,14. The life-time hazard of developing HF is approximately 20 % for patients above 40 old ages old and besides the taking cause of hospitalization for patients above 65 old ages old10,14. Harmonizing to the European Society of Cardiology, above 15 million patients are diagnosed with HF in 51 European states consisting a population of around 900 million15. The prevalence of HF is about 1-2 % in the western society and the incidences are between 5-10/ 1000 instances per annum16. A recent US population-based survey, the prevalence of bosom failure was 2.2 % ( 95 CI 1.6 % to 2.8 % ) , increasing from 0.7 % in individuals aged 45 through 54 old ages to 8.4 % for those aged 75 old ages or older17. Similar minor expense forms, 1 % for the 55-64 age group increasing to 13 % in the 75-84 age group was observed from the Rotterdam study18. In the contrary, for the below 50 age group, incidences of HF are rare16. Improved endurance from acute myocardial infarction ( MI ) coupled with the aging population contributes to the spike in incidence and prevalence of HF19. One critical function community pharmacist drama is to advice and offer guidance on a healthy life style. Lifestyle and dietetic alterations are schemes aimed at forestalling cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) which are possible predisposing factors taking to CHF. The development of CVD is affected by multiple dietetic factors and an overall healthy diet will significantly cut down the hazard of CVD20. Consumption of fruits, veggies, grain merchandises, low-fat dairy merchandises and curtailing the sum of salt and unstable consumption are all portion of a well balanced diet11,21. Keeping a healthy organic structure weight is indispensable as fleshiness is an independent hazard factor for CVD. Morbid fleshiness has a strong association with mortality from CVD particularly in immature grownup males. Therefore, bar of fleshiness has to be taken early and in an aggressive manner22. Keeping optimum blood force per unit area, blood glucose every bit good as a desirable lipid profile is advise d to command or lower the hazard of CVD21. Maintaining physical and cardiovascular fittingness and a healthy weight can be achieved by changeless physical activities as it improves cardiovascular hazard factors every bit good as take downing the hazard of developing other chronic diseases21,23. Evidence has proven the strong association between smoking and cardiovascular jeopardies every bit good as the benefits of smoking cessation24. Therefore, look intoing the smoke position of patients and offering intercession where appropriate will be good to patients peculiarly in those who are at hazard of enduring from cardiovascular events24. Patients with CHF should be advised to discontinue smoking11. Moderate ingestion of intoxicant should besides be advised as extra alcohol ingestion can increase the hazard of CVD11,25. The above are merely the chief life style and dietetic parametric quantities that should be addressed with precedence to command or lower CVD hazards. Such steps should non be seen as stairss taken to forestall CVD but instead as stairss taken to promote everybody to populate a healthy life style to forestall any signifier of disease provinces. Psychosocial and psychological hurt have a important impact in morbidity and mortality after HF and hence societal and relationship factors may play an of import function in pull offing chronic conditions such as CHF26. The ends of intervention are to better quality of life11,13. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ( ACEi ) Evidence has shown that ACEi therapy is good in take downing mortality, MI and rehospitalization for patients enduring from HF with LVD or HF with or without a recent MI27. A meta-analysis has shown that patients with CHF prescribed with an ACEi have a 23 % decrease in mortality and a 35 % decrease in rehospitalization27. Further meta-analysis is patients with LVSD, HF or both after MI has a comparative decrease in mortality rate of 26 % 27. Therefore, ACEi therapy is recommended in patients with all NYHA functional categories of HF due to LVSD11. Adverse effects include cough, hypotension, nephritic damage, angio-oedema and hyperkaelaemia. Dose titration and nephritic and electrolyte monitoring should be included in the attention program particularly in susceptible patients utilizing other medicines so that intercession could be established in instances where inauspicious effects are marked. Beta Blockers Treatment with bisoprolol, carvedilol and Lopressor Forty shows a decrease in mortality in patients with advanced HF based on the CIBIS- II, COPERNICUS, and MERIT-HF tests severally. Beta-blockers benefits in HF by demoing a 29 % decrease in hazard of mortality in CVD, 36 % decrease due to pump failure and all cause mortality decrease of 23 % 28. All patients with HF due to LVSD of all NYHA functional category should be started on beta-blockers every bit shortly as their status is stable and should be the first line picks for patients with CHF due to LVSD11. The effects of beta-blockers might non be seen instantly. Furthermore, deterioration of HF and hypotension might be present at the get downing hence dose should be titrated up suitably upon supervising. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in those with asthma, bronchospasm, 2nd or 3rd degree auriculoventricular bosom block or diagnostic hypotension11. Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker ( ARB ) ARBs antagonizes the binding of angiotonin II to its type 1 receptor hence exercising its action similar to ACEi ‘s with the benefit of non bring forthing dry cough as a side effect13. In CHARM Alternative, ARB intervention led to a comparative decrease of 23 % in primary result of CV deceases or rehospitalsation for patients with CHF having candesartan who are intolerant to ACEi29. The add-on of ARB to ACEi or beta-blocker intervention non merely had no consequence on mortality but markedly reduced HF rehospitalisation and mortality combined30. Patients with CHF due to LVSD, HF or LVSD or both station MI who are intolerant to ACEi should be considered for ARBs whilst patients with HF due to LVSD who are still diagnostic despite already on ACEi and beta-blockers, add-on of candesartan might be beneficial11. Aldosterone Adversaries Aldosterone adversary has been studied in patients with terrible diagnostic HF, led to a pronounced decrease in mortality and morbidity and improved symptoms13,31. It is recommended for patients with HF in NYHA category III and IV despite being on ACEi and beta-blocker while there is no grounds that Aldactone has any benefits in mild HF11,13. The RALES test has shown that the add-on of Aldactone to an ACEi yielded an all cause mortality of 30 % and cardiac mortality by 31 % 31. However, aldosterone adversaries produce many inauspicious effects on vascular map and myocardial fibrosis11. Spironolactone produces gynaecomastia, hyperkaelaemia, and nephritic disfunction hence blood carbamide, creatinine and electrolyte monitoring is essential11. Patients with terrible HF due to LVSD should be on Aldactone unless contraindicated11. Eplerenone can be used if patients are intolerant to spironolactone as grounds from EPHESUS survey has demonstrated a 13 % decrease from CVD or hospitalization for CVD and 21 % comparative rate of sudden decease in patients on eplerenone32. Diuretic drugs Fluid keeping doing ankle hydrops, pneumonic hydrops or both consequences in symptoms of dyspnea in most patients enduring from HF11. A meta-analysis supports that diuretic therapy is good for patients with dyspnea or hydrops with a 75 % decrease in mortality and 63 % betterment in exercising capacity33. The hazard of loop water pills doing hypokalaemia is offset by ACEi, ARBs and Aldactone. Therefore, monitoring of serum K is of import. Doses of water pills should be individualized to minimise unstable keeping taking into history the possibility of desiccation and nephritic impairments11. Digoxin In a Cochrane reappraisal, patients on Lanoxin showed a 64 % betterment in symptoms and a 23 % decrease in hospitalization but unluckily no betterment seen on survival34. Digoxin should be considered as an accessory therapy for instances in which patients with HF in fistula beat are non relieved on optimal therapy11. There are many issues associated with the usage of Lanoxin because of its narrow curative index, some of which are fatal such as its ability to increase the possibility of sudden decease and the hazard of toxicity in instance of hypokalaemia11. Therefore, the hazard over benefit of Lanoxin therapy should be carefully considered in the best involvement of the patient. Care Plan Chronic Heart Failure Health And Social Care Essay The physician to population ratio grew from 2/1000 people in 2000 to 2.4/ 1000 people in merely a mere 5 years3. Despite the rapid growing, the ratio is still short as compared to other European states viz. France, Germany or Italy. This is worsened by the fact that the figure of patients treated in NHS infirmaries rose by 15 % at the same clip interval3. It is of import to use the expertness of other health care professionals, viz. community druggists, in support of the increasing figure of patients in the community in order to better patient attention. The World Health Organization defines chronic complaints to be ‘a wellness job necessitating on-going direction over a period of old ages or decennaries ‘ . NHS Scotland has identified that chronic unwellness is farther complicated by demographical alterations, increasing co-morbidities, widening spread of wellness inequalities and the increased outlooks placed on the health care system4. Actions have been taken to promote modernisation of NHS community pharmaceutics in Scotland. The debut of the New Pharmacy Contract was the action program from the Scottish Executive ‘s scheme papers ‘The Right Medicine ‘ in which nucleus pharmaceutical attention services such as Chronic Medication Service ( CMS ) , Minor Ailments Service ( MAS ) , Acute Medication Service ( AMS ) and Public Health Service were designed to optimise the use of community druggist ‘s accomplishments to widen the range and farther better the quality of attention proviso to patients5. The contract was driven by a quotation mark by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in 2002, adverting that reacting to the demands to patients with chronic conditions post the biggest challenge to wellness systems around the globe4. The foundation of the CMS is built upon the cardinal countries: patient centered ; clinical administration ; collaborative working ; support for execution ; monitoring and reappraisal and service development6. The nucleus aims of CMS are summarized in Appendix 1. The altering function of the druggist is in response to the increasing demand for betterment in patient ‘s medicines direction. The debut of the CMS is to further develop the parts of the community druggist to guarantee the continuity of pharmaceutical attention in patients with long-run conditions every bit good as cementing the stature of community druggists in the NHS4. Pharmaceutical attention is an effectual tool in the direction of chronic complaints and is defined as the responsible proviso of drug therapy for the intent of accomplishing definite results that improve a patient ‘s quality of life harmonizing to Hepler and Strand7. Pharmaceutical attention is hence a collaborative attempt between healthcare professionals endeavoring to better drug therapy direction via uninterrupted monitoring of inauspicious effects, effectivity and patient instruction all meeting to better patient ‘s quality of life8. Healthcare professionals play a critical function in autho rising patients to take charge of their ain wellness, as this would ease them in accomplishing their coveted quality of life relevant to their wellness believes6. Community druggist can be the accelerator in smoothing the patient ‘s journey of attention by being the gateway of information via improved entree to healthcare services and to back up self-care6. It is simple to merely purchase a battalion of medicine over the counter to handle an false unwellness but the bulk is incognizant of the possible injury it presents. Some might non take earnestly an overdose of medicines that have a broad curative index but for drugs that have a narrow curative index, a simple overdose could be fatal. There is merely so much a prescriber could make but hanker term attending is indispensable to guarantee that patients get the best out of their medicine particularly in those who have multiple co-morbidities. The attack of CMS is through the constitution of curative partnerships between general medical practicians, druggists and patients to better patient attention by guaranting better local entree to wellness care6. Fostering such commitment will minimise duplicate of functions and, with good defined functions, can advance a holistic attack to the pharmaceutical and clinical attention of patients6. The end is to assist patients harvest the most out of their medical specialties but besides minimise any associated risks4. Community druggist is frequently the first and lone point of call. Community druggists can bridge the spread in a patient ‘s journey of attention and therefore better the whole curative class by expecting, placing, deciding and forestalling medicine-related issues4,9. These medicine-related issues include: Safety and efficaciousness Side effects Conformity and harmony Identify markers of hapless control Symptom specific markers to motivate referral Supplying and advancing wellness information and instruction CMS is a service that requires patients ‘ voluntary engagement and is by and large broken down into 3 phases. Phase 1 involves the enrollment of the patient for the service. Stage 2 involves the debut of a generic model for pharmaceutical attention planning. Phase 3 is the constitution of the shared attention component between the GP and the community pharmacist6. A pharmaceutical attention program paperss the patient ‘s pharmaceutical attention demands, attention issues, desired results and actions required as portion of the pharmaceutical attention planning of the patient. Figure 1 summarizes the pharmaceutical attention be aftering rhythm. Identify and prioritise patients with pharmaceutical attention demands Identify and reexamine pharmaceutical attention issues Implement and proctor pharmaceutical attention program Formulate and document a pharmaceutical attention program Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Care Planning Cycle To get down of with attention planning, critical information that may act upon the attention program such as patient ‘s general wellness, allergic reactions or sensitivenesss, other medical conditions and hazard factors are noted. A hazard appraisal is so made to help the druggist in placing and prioritising any pharmaceutical attention needs that a patient might necessitate or is deprived from in footings of service, which as a consequence influences the therapy6. Next, an appraisal is made to place and reexamine the patients pharmaceutical attention demands and refering issues. This can enable the druggist to measure the medical specialties regimen that a patient is on in footings of efficaciousness or toxicity profile and besides allows the druggist to measure how deep the patients understand their medicines and intervention and the extend of their wellness believes. Subsequently, a pharmaceutical attention program is drafted based on the attention issues that have been iden tified with the understanding of the patient. This attention program serves as a protocol in which issues are placed on a hierarchy of precedence, outcome ends are defined, proposals to any class of action documented every bit good as clearly specifying the health care forces and their duties for assorted monitoring that ought to be conducted. Changeless reappraisals and monitoring is done to measure the results of the attention program upon execution and alterations are made along the manner, when required, to maximise the curative result. To accomplish the maximal curative benefit, the patient ‘s wellness belief and apprehension of the therapy is indispensable. Hence, reding and advice by the druggist before, during and after the procedure is good. Chronic Heart Failure ( CHF ) is one of the 13 long-run disease provinces covered in the CMS protocol stand foring the most frequent indicant for therapy4. The list of all 13 disease provinces are listed in Appendix 2. Heart Failure is one of the most crippling medical conditions which can badly impact a patient ‘s quality of life hence seting force per unit area on hospitalization and health care budgets10. The Scots Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN ) defines CHF as a complex clinical syndrome ensuing from any structural/ functional upset that impairs the ability of the bosom to react to physiological demands for increased cardiac output11. Hence, bringing of blood is compromised12. Abnormality in cardiac construction, beat, map or conductivity can all take to unequal perfusion, venous congestion and disturbed H2O and electrolyte balance that underlie CHF13. In add-on, normal compensatory mechanisms become compromised taking to maladaptive secondary physiological effe cts that contribute to the progressive nature of the disease12. CHF can be a effect of assorted underlying complications such as myocardial infarction and/or high blood pressure and the most common being left ventricular systolic disfunction ( LVSD ) . Coronary arteria disease, aortal stricture, dilated myocardiopathy, alcoholic myocardiopathy, Chagas ‘ disease, endomyocardial fibrosis and other mechanical defects such as cardiac valvular disfunction, degenerative valve disease, arthritic valve disease, terrible anaemia and thyrotoxicosis are the more common causes of CHF around the Earth but other rarer causes do exist12,13. Management of these predisposing factors can be good in relieving the symptoms of bosom failure. Table 1 is the New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) categorization system used to sort patients with bosom failure based on their functional position. Table 2 is ACC /AHA phases of HF ; a addendum to the NYHA categorization. It is estimated that there is a prevalence of about 1-2 % for bosom failure in developed countries10,14. The life-time hazard of developing HF is approximately 20 % for patients above 40 old ages old and besides the taking cause of hospitalization for patients above 65 old ages old10,14. Harmonizing to the European Society of Cardiology, above 15 million patients are diagnosed with HF in 51 European states consisting a population of around 900 million15. The prevalence of HF is about 1-2 % in the western society and the incidences are between 5-10/ 1000 instances per annum16. A recent US population-based survey, the prevalence of bosom failure was 2.2 % ( 95 CI 1.6 % to 2.8 % ) , increasing from 0.7 % in individuals aged 45 through 54 old ages to 8.4 % for those aged 75 old ages or older17. Similar minor expense forms, 1 % for the 55-64 age group increasing to 13 % in the 75-84 age group was observed from the Rotterdam study18. In the contrary, for the below 50 age group, incidences of HF are rare16. Improved endurance from acute myocardial infarction ( MI ) coupled with the aging population contributes to the spike in incidence and prevalence of HF19. One critical function community pharmacist drama is to advice and offer guidance on a healthy life style. Lifestyle and dietetic alterations are schemes aimed at forestalling cardiovascular diseases ( CVD ) which are possible predisposing factors taking to CHF. The development of CVD is affected by multiple dietetic factors and an overall healthy diet will significantly cut down the hazard of CVD20. Consumption of fruits, veggies, grain merchandises, low-fat dairy merchandises and curtailing the sum of salt and unstable consumption are all portion of a well balanced diet11,21. Keeping a healthy organic structure weight is indispensable as fleshiness is an independent hazard factor for CVD. Morbid fleshiness has a strong association with mortality from CVD particularly in immature grownup males. Therefore, bar of fleshiness has to be taken early and in an aggressive manner22. Keeping optimum blood force per unit area, blood glucose every bit good as a desirable lipid profile is advise d to command or lower the hazard of CVD21. Maintaining physical and cardiovascular fittingness and a healthy weight can be achieved by changeless physical activities as it improves cardiovascular hazard factors every bit good as take downing the hazard of developing other chronic diseases21,23. Evidence has proven the strong association between smoking and cardiovascular jeopardies every bit good as the benefits of smoking cessation24. Therefore, look intoing the smoke position of patients and offering intercession where appropriate will be good to patients peculiarly in those who are at hazard of enduring from cardiovascular events24. Patients with CHF should be advised to discontinue smoking11. Moderate ingestion of intoxicant should besides be advised as extra alcohol ingestion can increase the hazard of CVD11,25. The above are merely the chief life style and dietetic parametric quantities that should be addressed with precedence to command or lower CVD hazards. Such steps should non be seen as stairss taken to forestall CVD but instead as stairss taken to promote everybody to populate a healthy life style to forestall any signifier of disease provinces. Psychosocial and psychological hurt have a important impact in morbidity and mortality after HF and hence societal and relationship factors may play an of import function in pull offing chronic conditions such as CHF26. The ends of intervention are to better quality of life11,13. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ( ACEi ) Evidence has shown that ACEi therapy is good in take downing mortality, MI and rehospitalization for patients enduring from HF with LVD or HF with or without a recent MI27. A meta-analysis has shown that patients with CHF prescribed with an ACEi have a 23 % decrease in mortality and a 35 % decrease in rehospitalization27. Further meta-analysis is patients with LVSD, HF or both after MI has a comparative decrease in mortality rate of 26 % 27. Therefore, ACEi therapy is recommended in patients with all NYHA functional categories of HF due to LVSD11. Adverse effects include cough, hypotension, nephritic damage, angio-oedema and hyperkaelaemia. Dose titration and nephritic and electrolyte monitoring should be included in the attention program particularly in susceptible patients utilizing other medicines so that intercession could be established in instances where inauspicious effects are marked. Beta Blockers Treatment with bisoprolol, carvedilol and Lopressor Forty shows a decrease in mortality in patients with advanced HF based on the CIBIS- II, COPERNICUS, and MERIT-HF tests severally. Beta-blockers benefits in HF by demoing a 29 % decrease in hazard of mortality in CVD, 36 % decrease due to pump failure and all cause mortality decrease of 23 % 28. All patients with HF due to LVSD of all NYHA functional category should be started on beta-blockers every bit shortly as their status is stable and should be the first line picks for patients with CHF due to LVSD11. The effects of beta-blockers might non be seen instantly. Furthermore, deterioration of HF and hypotension might be present at the get downing hence dose should be titrated up suitably upon supervising. Beta-blockers are contraindicated in those with asthma, bronchospasm, 2nd or 3rd degree auriculoventricular bosom block or diagnostic hypotension11. Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker ( ARB ) ARBs antagonizes the binding of angiotonin II to its type 1 receptor hence exercising its action similar to ACEi ‘s with the benefit of non bring forthing dry cough as a side effect13. In CHARM Alternative, ARB intervention led to a comparative decrease of 23 % in primary result of CV deceases or rehospitalsation for patients with CHF having candesartan who are intolerant to ACEi29. The add-on of ARB to ACEi or beta-blocker intervention non merely had no consequence on mortality but markedly reduced HF rehospitalisation and mortality combined30. Patients with CHF due to LVSD, HF or LVSD or both station MI who are intolerant to ACEi should be considered for ARBs whilst patients with HF due to LVSD who are still diagnostic despite already on ACEi and beta-blockers, add-on of candesartan might be beneficial11. Aldosterone Adversaries Aldosterone adversary has been studied in patients with terrible diagnostic HF, led to a pronounced decrease in mortality and morbidity and improved symptoms13,31. It is recommended for patients with HF in NYHA category III and IV despite being on ACEi and beta-blocker while there is no grounds that Aldactone has any benefits in mild HF11,13. The RALES test has shown that the add-on of Aldactone to an ACEi yielded an all cause mortality of 30 % and cardiac mortality by 31 % 31. However, aldosterone adversaries produce many inauspicious effects on vascular map and myocardial fibrosis11. Spironolactone produces gynaecomastia, hyperkaelaemia, and nephritic disfunction hence blood carbamide, creatinine and electrolyte monitoring is essential11. Patients with terrible HF due to LVSD should be on Aldactone unless contraindicated11. Eplerenone can be used if patients are intolerant to spironolactone as grounds from EPHESUS survey has demonstrated a 13 % decrease from CVD or hospitalization for CVD and 21 % comparative rate of sudden decease in patients on eplerenone32. Diuretic drugs Fluid keeping doing ankle hydrops, pneumonic hydrops or both consequences in symptoms of dyspnea in most patients enduring from HF11. A meta-analysis supports that diuretic therapy is good for patients with dyspnea or hydrops with a 75 % decrease in mortality and 63 % betterment in exercising capacity33. The hazard of loop water pills doing hypokalaemia is offset by ACEi, ARBs and Aldactone. Therefore, monitoring of serum K is of import. Doses of water pills should be individualized to minimise unstable keeping taking into history the possibility of desiccation and nephritic impairments11. Digoxin In a Cochrane reappraisal, patients on Lanoxin showed a 64 % betterment in symptoms and a 23 % decrease in hospitalization but unluckily no betterment seen on survival34. Digoxin should be considered as an accessory therapy for instances in which patients with HF in fistula beat are non relieved on optimal therapy11. There are many issues associated with the usage of Lanoxin because of its narrow curative index, some of which are fatal such as its ability to increase the possibility of sudden decease and the hazard of toxicity in instance of hypokalaemia11. Therefore, the hazard over benefit of Lanoxin therapy should be carefully considered in the best involvement of the patient.

American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

American Society - Essay Example The study makes an effort to understand these areas that are highly relevant to not only the American society, but to all societies that are plagued by skin color and the racial problems. Approximately 33 million African Americans are living in USA today and most of them are descendents and results of Trans-Atlantic slavery trade. There were no Blacks in America before the obnoxious slave trade. The slaves, naturally a minute minority in those days of flourishing slave trade, were treated inhumanly in the predominantly European white society of the day. In the beginning, Blacks were not considered to be the part of American society. They were not even treated as human beings and were continuously degraded till the American Civil War and its aftermath terminated their slavery status. Still they had to wait for the Civil Rights Bill to gain equality. The white majority that heaped centuries of discrimination, at last accepted them as part of American society. Recently people have migrated from Caribbean, West Indies and various parts of Africa. They are definitely not the descendents of the shameful slave trade and have not been in US for generations; still, being black, they are part of nation's minority and hence, are slightly at a disadvantageous position. "An ethnic minority, on virtue of being a minority, is by definition in a disadvantaged position, which facilitates the characterisation of black people as problems, as being essential inferior and so on" Staples (1973). The equation between Black and White has changed considerably although it took a very long painful length of time. Majority group initially thought that the minority is stupid, illiterate, and superstitious, lacking motivation. They were thought to be fit only to remain slaves and retain their subservient status. They were from the Dark Continent and thus, were barely human. They also were thought to be devoid of any human qualities like cleverness, sadness, sensitivity, feelings, pain and suffering. White community lulled itself into self-forgiving with these convictions. They needed such assumptions to treat a lesser group and remain self-righteous about it. Now after centuries of living together and understanding each other's ways, things have changed and new perceptions have dawned. The minority is coming into higher prominence and this is the evidence that it is, at last, making inroads into the white dominated society. This does not mean that there is no discrimination and its evidence in the American society of today to negate and discourage this fact. Sometimes the minority group see itself in the same way as the majority does and vice versa and both the communities in America have shown this psychology of belief and reaction. Centuries of discriminating Blacks has hardened some of the Whites and in the same way, being discriminated for centuries and having accepted a miserable existence has left hopelessness and easy resignation amongst the Blacks. Minorities had very little cohesive identity in the past. During the days of slavery, they were neither visible, nor were heard. When they started regaining their voices slowly after decades and decades, they were already resigned to their fate. It took many leaders like Dr. King and White Leaders, activists

Graphic design( 100 years of art) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Graphic design( 100 years of art) - Essay Example This makes adjustments in art media and necessary design component in the embracing of modernity. In the world of art and media, modernity appears as a definition of evolving the nature of demand for items of art design and media. People are changing in many perspectives in line with the changes that occur in the environment (Murphie and Potts, 2003, p. 23). Either, the methods of production performance and utilization of art services is tremendously improving. The change experienced in these aspects leaves the fields of art a chance to evolve to suit the other changes that take place in these areas. It is in the deep roots of these changes that the term modernism is coined. In this, it represents the ever-changing trends in the society as the society moves along the time span. In the context of this modernism, people will tend to consume things that are in line with their concept of modernism (Murphie and Potts, 2003, p. 23). Therefore, in these arts, media and designs with a perception of not being modern are left without a market of consumption. The term Modernism traces back to the period of the 1850s. During this time, it formed the ground for acceptable to a particular period. As discussed above the condition is highly considerably dynamic. What was considered modern in a particular period will not be after some time. This is because the evolving and changing nature of innovations and technological which creates demand for the improvised forms of art (Murphie and Potts, 2003, p. 27). This makes modernism have features of continuous changes and denunciation of conservative values that will represent a realistic world. From the time of interception, the term has continuously changed to reflect the changes that occur in the society in terms of the art and design preferences. At a particular time, the term modernism will reflect the

Models of Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Models of Decision Making - Essay Example Although, the offshore firm was willing to do revisions, there were issues of quality control, language barrier, distance and timing to contend with. Maybe it was partly because it was the first time we use outsourcing service, but the foray was certainly disastrous. In line with the normative model, I have tried the outsourcing initiative with the idea that I am doing whatever yields the best consequences for the company in the future. I have asked myself several times, if by outsourcing I am displaying some form of personal bias and have found that maybe I am, in an effort to cut cost for the current year. I was working now on descriptive model grounds. It never occurred to me to dig deeper on this area in the course of my judgment. If after identifying this bias, I could have tried to correct it by analyzing further what others would have done and by doing some research in order to be objective with my decision. This would have been the prescriptive decision making model and I have missed to comprehensively use it. When I decided to outsource service, it was a decision in the area of the normative model as I am concerned with cost-cutting and the profit for my company. However, when I arrived at the decision of choosing an Indian firm to outsource our database revision, I was working within the descriptive decision making model. Prescriptive model would have required me to explore the judgment, beliefs and preferences of decision makers in relation to issues before them (Rios 1994, p. 25) and would lead me to choose a better outsourcing destination or simply hire an additional staff to work on the database in-house. According to Grunig and Kuhn (2005 p. 8), a decision can be approached: 1) purely intuitively, 2) through routine recourse to procedures used in the past, 3) by adopting unquestioningly the suggestions of experts, 4) by choosing at random or 5) by systematic rational thought supported

Needs Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Needs Assessment - Essay Example Some funds have also been set aside for purchasing the writing materials and other materials that will get used in the process of data analysis. The committee has been able to estimate the cost of materials that will get used in data representation and has set aside some funds to cater for this. The committee has budgeted for some energy drinks as well as refreshments, particularly for those who will be conduct face to face basis of interviews. The team has further hired individuals with counseling professions to offer their counseling service to those students who are at risk of alcohol use. Though limited to some extent, our budget has catered to ensure those taking alcohols will reduce their consumption and use of alcoholic products, with the aim of making them quit. Finally, the committee has been able to put aside some funds to cater for the rehabilitation programs for the students who are problem drinkers. The initiative has hired some physiologists, who are going to take medical intervention for those with medical and physiological conditions and since these require some particular attentions (Borck, 501). Borck, Cornelius. "Communicating the Modern Body: Fritz Kahns Popular Images of Human Physiology as an Industrialized World."  Canadian Journal of Communication  32.3 (2007): 495-520.  ProQuest.  Web. 19 Mar.

Describe what means leadership to you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe what means leadership to you - Essay Example However, leadership is also teachable in life through various leadership expositions. These expositions perfect and instill leadership skills to interested parties. In addition, the young can also learn from their leaders how to lead. In most cases, we have seen children take after their fathers who were leaders in the society. Since leadership demands a lot of respect and many benefits, many people seek to become leaders. This leads to the aspect of competition in leadership where the society chooses its preferred leader among the willing many. Leaders have immense powers and authority rests with them. As such, they make important and binding decisions on behalf of the society. Leadership is present in almost all places. We have religious leaders, political leaders, Sports leaders, student leaders, administrators who are organizational leaders among other leaders. However, the political leaders who include Presidents and religious leaders who include Popes and Bishops are the most popular leaders. Any position of leadership follows a certain code of ethics that is different from one leadership setup to another. Leaders should therefore follow this code in offering leadership. However, in many cases we have seen leaders negating the code of ethics hence attracting disciplinary action from higher authorities like courts of law. Good leadership involves abiding by the law, intelligence, and humane